Pain Management — Local Anesthesia for Facial Fractures
Citation(s)
Abraham AJ, Rieckmann T, Gu Y, Lind BK Inappropriate Opioid Prescribing in Oregon's Coordinated Care Organizations. J Addict Med. 2020 Jul/Aug;14(4):293-299. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000569.
BJC Healthcare Level I Trauma Center. Barnes-Jewish Hospital. https://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Trauma-Acute-CareSurgery/Level-I-Trauma-Center
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):175-91. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146.
Perloff MD, Chung JS Urgent care peripheral nerve blocks for refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Nov;36(11):2058-2060. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.08.019. Epub 2018 Aug 8.
Schumacher JK, Cristel RT, Talugula S, Shah AR The Use of Adjunctive Perioperative Nerve Blocks in Rhinoplasty in the Immediate Postoperative Period. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2023 Jul-Aug;25(4):361-362. doi: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0125. Epub 2022 Sep 14. No abstract available.
Staity G, Saadi RA, Pool C, Lighthall JG The Safety Profile of Liposomal Bupivacaine Use in Septorhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2022 May-Jun;24(3):202-206. doi: 10.1089/fpsam.2020.0544. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
