Pain Management — Gonyautoxins Local Periarticular Injection for Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Citation(s)
Affas F, Nygårds EB, Stiller CO, Wretenberg P, Olofsson C Pain control after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial comparing local infiltration anesthesia and continuous femoral block. Acta Orthop. 2011 Aug;82(4):441-7. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2011.5
Albrecht E, Guyen O, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Kirkham KR The analgesic efficacy of local infiltration analgesia vs femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2016 May;116(5):597-609. doi: 10.1093/bj
Andersen LØ, Kehlet H Analgesic efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Sep;113(3):360-74. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu155. Review.
Chaumeron A, Audy D, Drolet P, Lavigne M, Vendittoli PA Periarticular injection in knee arthroplasty improves quadriceps function. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jul;471(7):2284-95. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-2928-4. Erratum in: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jun
Fan L, Yu X, Zan P, Liu J, Ji T, Li G Comparison of Local Infiltration Analgesia With Femoral Nerve Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Arthroplasty. 2016 Jun;31(6):1361-5. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.12.028.
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Moghtadaei M, Farahini H, Faiz SH, Mokarami F, Safari S Pain Management for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Single-Injection Femoral Nerve Block versus Local Infiltration Analgesia. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014 Jan;16(1):e13247. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.13247.
Ng FY, Chiu KY, Yan CH, Ng KF Continuous femoral nerve block versus patient-controlled analgesia following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2012 Apr;20(1):23-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
