Aguado D, Abreu M, Benito J, García-Fernández J, Gómez de Segura IA Ketamine and remifentanil interactions on the sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and acute opioid tolerance in the rat. Anesth Analg. 2011 Sep;113(3):505-12. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318227517a. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
Neri CM, Pestieau SR, Darbari DS Low-dose ketamine as a potential adjuvant therapy for painful vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):684-9. doi: 10.1111/pan.12172. Epub 2013 Apr 9. Review.
Puri L, Nottage KA, Hankins JS, Anghelescu DL State of the Art Management of Acute Vaso-occlusive Pain in Sickle Cell Disease. Paediatr Drugs. 2018 Feb;20(1):29-42. doi: 10.1007/s40272-017-0263-z. Review.
Sun J, Lin H, Feng X, Dong J, Ansong E, Xu X A comparison of intrathecal magnesium and ketamine in attenuating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats. BMC Anesthesiol. 2016 Sep 6;16(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12871-016-0235-9.
Visser E, Schug SA The role of ketamine in pain management. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Aug;60(7):341-8. Epub 2006 Jul 5. Review.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Ketamine as an Adjunct for Pain Management in Patients With Sickle Cell Crisis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
