Braz J, Solorzano C, Wang X, Basbaum AI Transmitting pain and itch messages: a contemporary view of the spinal cord circuits that generate gate control. Neuron. 2014 May 7;82(3):522-36. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.018.
Hoffer EP The American Health Care System Is Broken. Part 7: How Can We Fix It? Am J Med. 2019 Dec;132(12):1381-1385. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.10.003. Epub 2019 Oct 24.
Mally P, Czyz CN, Chan NJ, Wulc AE Vibration anesthesia for the reduction of pain with facial dermal filler injections. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014 Apr;38(2):413-8. doi: 10.1007/s00266-013-0264-4. Epub 2014 Jan 24.
McCarthy M US health-care system faces cost and insurance crises. Rising costs, growing numbers of uninsured, and quality gaps trouble world's most expensive health-care system. Lancet. 2003 Aug 2;362(9381):375. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14057-3. No abstract available.
Saini AT, Citardi MJ, Yao WC, Luong AU Office-Based Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2019 Jun;52(3):473-483. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2019.02.003. Epub 2019 Mar 22.
Shah PD Patient Safety and Quality for Office-Based Procedures in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;52(1):89-102. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2018.08.015. Epub 2018 Sep 22.
Sharma P, Czyz CN, Wulc AE Investigating the efficacy of vibration anesthesia to reduce pain from cosmetic botulinum toxin injections. Aesthet Surg J. 2011 Nov;31(8):966-71. doi: 10.1177/1090820X11422809. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
Treede RD Gain control mechanisms in the nociceptive system. Pain. 2016 Jun;157(6):1199-1204. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000499.
Young S, Shapiro FE, Urman RD Office-based surgery and patient outcomes. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018 Dec;31(6):707-712. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000655.
Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhang YQ, Goulding M, Wang YQ, Ma Q Timing Mechanisms Underlying Gate Control by Feedforward Inhibition. Neuron. 2018 Sep 5;99(5):941-955.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.026. Epub 2018 Aug 16.
Using Augmented Reality With Vibroacoustic Stimulation to Improve the Patient Experience During In-Office Otorhinolaryngology Procedures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
