Deeb GR, Deeb JG, Agarwal V, Laskin DM Use of transalveolar sutures to maintain vestibular depth and manipulate keratinized tissue following alveolar ridge reduction and implant placement for mandibular prosthesis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015 Jan;73(1):48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.07.022. Epub 2014 Jul 30.
Elani HW, Starr JR, Da Silva JD, Gallucci GO Trends in Dental Implant Use in the U.S., 1999-2016, and Projections to 2026. J Dent Res. 2018 Dec;97(13):1424-1430. doi: 10.1177/0022034518792567. Epub 2018 Aug 3.
Hashem AA, Claffey NM, O'Connell B Pain and anxiety following the placement of dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2006 Nov-Dec;21(6):943-50.
Li S, Yang Y, Yu C, Yao Y, Wu Y, Qian L, Cheung CW Dexmedetomidine Analgesia Effects in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgery and Its Impact on Postoperative Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:186736. doi: 10.1155/2015/186736. Epub 2015 Jun 15.
Moore PA, Hersh EV Combining ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute pain management after third-molar extractions: translating clinical research to dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013 Aug;144(8):898-908. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0207.
O'Brien TP, Roszkowski MT, Wolff LF, Hinrichs JE, Hargreaves KM Effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on tissue levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2, immunoreactive leukotriene, and pain after periodontal surgery. J Periodontol. 1996 Dec;67(12):1307-16. doi: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.12.1307.
Pietruski JK, Pietruska MD, Stokowska W, Pattarelli GM Serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in patients treated with dental implants. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2001;46:28-37.
Schmitt A, Zarb GA The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants for single-tooth replacement. Int J Prosthodont. 1993 Mar-Apr;6(2):197-202.
Zarb GA, Schmitt A The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in posterior partially edentulous patients. Int J Prosthodont. 1993 Mar-Apr;6(2):189-96.
Demonstration of OTC Naproxen Sodium's (Aleve's) Anti-inflammatory Action in Dental Implant Surgery Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
