Pain, Acute — Vibration Analgesia in Propofol Infusion During Anesthesia Induction
Citation(s)
Baxter AL, Cohen LL, McElvery HL, Lawson ML, von Baeyer CL An integration of vibration and cold relieves venipuncture pain in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Dec;27(12):1151-6. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318237ace4.
Bini G, Cruccu G, Hagbarth KE, Schady W, Torebjörk E Analgesic effect of vibration and cooling on pain induced by intraneural electrical stimulation. Pain. 1984 Mar;18(3):239-248. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(84)90819-4.
Depue K, Christopher NC, Raed M, Forbes ML, Besunder J, Reed MD Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine to reduce pain and distress associated with propofol infusion in pediatric patients during procedural sedation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Jan;29(1):13-6. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31827b227e.
Grauers A, Liljeroth E, Akeson J Propofol infusion rate does not affect local pain on injection. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002 Apr;46(4):361-3.
Kakigi R, Shibasaki H Mechanisms of pain relief by vibration and movement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;55(4):282-6.
Lee JR, Jung CW, Lee YH Reduction of pain during induction with target-controlled propofol and remifentanil. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Dec;99(6):876-80.
Melzack R, Wall PD Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965 Nov 19;150(3699):971-9. Review.
Stinson JN, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain. 2006 Nov;125(1-2):143-57. Epub 2006 Jun 13. Review.
Vibration Analgesia in Propofol Infusion During Anesthesia Induction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
