Bell JF, Wilson JS, Liu GC Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. Am J Prev Med. 2008 Dec;35(6):547-53. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.07.006.
Cleland V, Crawford D, Baur LA, Hume C, Timperio A, Salmon J A prospective examination of children's time spent outdoors, objectively measured physical activity and overweight. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Nov;32(11):1685-93. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.171. Epub 2008 Oct 14.
Dyment JE, Bell AC Grounds for movement: green school grounds as sites for promoting physical activity. Health Educ Res. 2008 Dec;23(6):952-62. Epub 2007 Oct 22.
Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM The NR-6: a new brief measure of nature relatedness. Front Psychol. 2013 Nov 1;4:813. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813. eCollection 2013.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
