Brophy RH, Fillingham YA AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline Summary: Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee (Nonarthroplasty), Third Edition. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022 May 1;30(9):e721-e729. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-01233.
Fransen M, McConnell S Land-based exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2009 Jun;36(6):1109-17. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.090058. Epub 2009 May 15.
Fröhlich S, Pazeller S, Cherati AS, Müller E, Frey WO, Spörri J Overuse injuries in the knee, back and hip of top elite female alpine skiers during the off-season preparation period: prevalence, severity and their association with traumatic preinjuries and training load. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020 Dec 24;6(1):e000892. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000892. eCollection 2020.
Hunter DJ, Lo GH, Gale D, Grainger AJ, Guermazi A, Conaghan PG The reliability of a new scoring system for knee osteoarthritis MRI and the validity of bone marrow lesion assessment: BLOKS (Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score). Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Feb;67(2):206-11. Epub 2007 May 1. Review.
Kalkhoven J, Coutts AJ, Impellizzeri FM 'Training load error' is not a more accurate term than 'overuse' injury. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Aug;54(15):934-935. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101710. Epub 2020 Feb 24.
KELLGREN JH, LAWRENCE JS Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957 Dec;16(4):494-502.
Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S Osteoarthritis of weight bearing joints of lower limbs in former élite male athletes. BMJ. 1994 Jan 22;308(6923):231-4. Erratum in: BMJ 1994 Mar 26;308(6932):819.
Luyten FP, Denti M, Filardo G, Kon E, Engebretsen L Definition and classification of early osteoarthritis of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Mar;20(3):401-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1743-2. Epub 2011 Nov 8.
Odole AC, Agbomeji OT, Onyeso OKK, Ojo JO, Odunaiya NA Perspectives of Nigerian Athletes About Physiotherapy Services in Sports Injury Management: Implications for Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil. 2021 Feb 16;30(6):876-883. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0292.
Patel DR, Villalobos A Evaluation and management of knee pain in young athletes: overuse injuries of the knee. Transl Pediatr. 2017 Jul;6(3):190-198. doi: 10.21037/tp.2017.04.05. Review.
Sandmark H, Hogstedt C, Lewold S, Vingård E Osteoarthrosis of the knee in men and women in association with overweight, smoking, and hormone therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 Mar;58(3):151-5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.