Overactive Bladder — Foot Neuromodulation for Overactive Bladder in Children
Citation(s)
stimulation in cats J Urol 2011;186(1):326-30. 2. Chen M, Chermansky C, et al. Electrical stimulation of somatic afferent nerves in the foot increase bladder capacity in healthy human subjects. J Urol. April 2014, 191:1009-1013. 3. Gaziev G, Topazio L, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunctions: a systematic review. BMC Urology. 2013, 13:61-72. 4. Sillen U, Arwidsson C, et al. Effects of transcutaneous neuromodulation (TENS) on overactive bladder symptoms in children: A randomized clinical trial. J Pediatr Urol. 2014, in press - accepted 30 March 2014 5. Barroso U, Viterbo W, et al. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation vs parasacral transcutaneous neuromodulation for overactive bladder in children. J Urol. Aug 2013, 190(2):673-677 6. DeGannaro M, Capitanucci ML, et al. Current state of stimulation technique for lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. J Urol. May 2011; 185(5):1571-7. 7. Lordelo P, Teles A, et al. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation in children with overactive bladder: a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. Aug 2010;184(2):683-9. 8. Malm-Buatsi E, NeppleKG, et al. Efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in children with overactive bladder refractory to pharmacotherapy. Urology 2007. Nov; 70(5):980-3.
Foot Neuromodulation for Overactive Bladder in Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
