Low-Lying; Placenta, Hemorrhage, Complicating Delivery — Mode of Delivery in Women With Low-lying Placenta
Citation(s)
ACOG Committee Opinion No 764: Medically Indicated Late-Preterm and Early-Term Deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Feb;133(2):e151-e155. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003083.
Al Wadi K, Schneider C, Burym C, Reid G, Hunt J, Menticoglou S Evaluating the safety of labour in women with a placental edge 11 to 20 mm from the internal cervical Os. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Aug;36(8):674-677. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30508-9.
Fukuda M, Fukuda K, Shimizu T, Bujold E Ultrasound Assessment of Lower Uterine Segment Thickness During Pregnancy, Labour, and the Postpartum Period. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2016 Feb;38(2):134-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2015.12.009. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
Ginsberg Y, Goldstein I, Lowenstein L, Weiner Z Measurements of the lower uterine segment during gestation. J Clin Ultrasound. 2013 May;41(4):214-7. doi: 10.1002/jcu.22023. Epub 2013 Mar 16.
Nakamura M, Hasegawa J, Matsuaka R, Mimura T, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, Okai T Amount of hemorrhage during vaginal delivery correlates with length from placental edge to external os in cases with low-lying placenta whose length between placental edge and internal os was 1-2 cm. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012 Aug;38(8):1041-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01776.x. Epub 2012 May 21.
Ohira S, Kikuchi N, Kobara H, Osada R, Ashida T, Kanai M, Shiozawa T Predicting the route of delivery in women with low-lying placenta using transvaginal ultrasonography: significance of placental migration and marginal sinus. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73(3):217-22. doi: 10.1159/000333309. Epub 2012 Mar 1.
Oppenheimer L, Holmes P, Simpson N, Dabrowski A Diagnosis of low-lying placenta: can migration in the third trimester predict outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;18(2):100-2. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.00450.x.
Oppenheimer LW, Farine D A new classification of placenta previa: measuring progress in obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Sep;201(3):227-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.010. No abstract available.
Reddy UM, Abuhamad AZ, Levine D, Saade GR; Fetal Imaging Workshop Invited Participants Fetal imaging: executive summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Radiology, Society for Pediatric Radiology, and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Fetal Imaging Workshop. J Ultrasound Med. 2014 May;33(5):745-57. doi: 10.7863/ultra.33.5.745.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
