Acute Inflammatory Diseases in Children — Study of the Sex Differences in Inflammatory Diseases in Children
Citation(s)
Ahmed SA, Talal N Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 2. Animal data. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1990 Apr;4(1):13-31. Review.
Angele MK, Pratschke S, Hubbard WJ, Chaudry IH Gender differences in sepsis: cardiovascular and immunological aspects. Virulence. 2014 Jan 1;5(1):12-9. doi: 10.4161/viru.26982. Epub 2013 Nov 5. Review.
Betteridge JD, Armbruster SP, Maydonovitch C, Veerappan GR Inflammatory bowel disease prevalence by age, gender, race, and geographic location in the U.S. military health care population. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jun;19(7):1421-7. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e318281334d.
Bösch F, Angele MK, Chaudry IH Gender differences in trauma, shock and sepsis. Mil Med Res [Internet]. 2018 Oct 26 [cited 2019 Mar 3];5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6203206/
Bouman A, Heineman MJ, Faas MM Sex hormones and the immune response in humans. Hum Reprod Update. 2005 Jul-Aug;11(4):411-23. Epub 2005 Apr 7. Review.
Casimir GJ, Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Duchateau J Sex and inflammation in respiratory diseases: a clinical viewpoint. Biol Sex Differ. 2013 Sep 1;4:16. doi: 10.1186/2042-6410-4-16. eCollection 2013. Review.
Ceribelli A, Satoh M, Chan EK MicroRNAs and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012 Dec;24(6):686-91. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.011. Epub 2012 Aug 14. Review.
Chen W, Mempel M, Schober W, Behrendt H, Ring J Gender difference, sex hormones, and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy. 2008 Nov;63(11):1418-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01880.x. Review.
Lahita RG Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 1. Human data. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1990 Apr;4(1):1-12. Review.
Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Duchateau J, Desir J, Casimir G Sex differences in inflammatory cytokines and CD99 expression following in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Shock. 2012 Jul;38(1):37-42. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182571e46.
Li Q, Verma IM NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Oct;2(10):725-34. Review. Erratum in: Nat Rev Immunol 2002 Dec;2(12):975.
Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000 [Internet]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022139. 2009 [cited 2019 Feb 27]. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa022139?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
McClelland EE, Smith JM Gender specific differences in the immune response to infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011 Jun;59(3):203-13. doi: 10.1007/s00005-011-0124-3. Epub 2011 Mar 26. Review.
Moss M, Mannino DM Race and gender differences in acute respiratory distress syndrome deaths in the United States: an analysis of multiple-cause mortality data (1979- 1996). Crit Care Med. 2002 Aug;30(8):1679-85.
O'Connell RM, Rao DS, Chaudhuri AA, Baltimore D Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Feb;10(2):111-22. doi: 10.1038/nri2708. Review.
Raghavan D, Varkey A, Bartter T Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the impact of gender. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017 Mar;23(2):117-123. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000353. Review.
Spolarics Z The X-files of inflammation: cellular mosaicism of X-linked polymorphic genes and the female advantage in the host response to injury and infection. Shock. 2007 Jun;27(6):597-604. Review.
Sweezey NB, Ratjen F The cystic fibrosis gender gap: potential roles of estrogen. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014 Apr;49(4):309-17. doi: 10.1002/ppul.22967. Epub 2013 Dec 11. Review.
Venn A, Lewis S, Cooper M, Hill J, Britton J Questionnaire study of effect of sex and age on the prevalence of wheeze and asthma in adolescence. BMJ. 1998 Jun 27;316(7149):1945-6.
Vink NM, Postma DS, Schouten JP, Rosmalen JG, Boezen HM Gender differences in asthma development and remission during transition through puberty: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;126(3):498-504.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.018.
Wichmann et al - 2000 - Incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in surgic.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb 27]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s001340050041.pdf
Wichmann MW, Inthorn D, Andress HJ, Schildberg FW Incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in surgical intensive care patients: the influence of patient gender on disease process and outcome. Intensive Care Med. 2000 Feb;26(2):167-72.
Study of the Sex Differences in Inflammatory Diseases in Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.