Kazdin AE Artifact, bias, and complexity of assessment: the ABCs of reliability. J Appl Behav Anal. 1977 Spring;10(1):141-50.
Lundquist CB, Maribo T The Fugl-Meyer assessment of the upper extremity: reliability, responsiveness and validity of the Danish version. Disabil Rehabil. 2017 May;39(9):934-939. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2016.1163422. Epub 2016 Apr 10.
Schuster C, Hahn S, Ettlin T Objectively-assessed outcome measures: a translation and cross-cultural adaptation procedure applied to the Chedoke McMaster Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI). BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010 Nov 29;10:106. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-106.
Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011 Apr;17(2):268-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x. Epub 2010 Sep 28.
Svensson E Different ranking approaches defining association and agreement measures of paired ordinal data. Stat Med. 2012 Nov 20;31(26):3104-17. doi: 10.1002/sim.5382. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
