Brady MF, Bradley MP, Fleming BC, Fadale PD, Hulstyn MJ, Banerjee R Effects of initial graft tension on the tibiofemoral compressive forces and joint position after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Mar;35(3):395-403. doi: 10.1177/0363546506294363. Epub 2007 Jan 11.
Coats-Thomas MS, Miranda DL, Badger GJ, Fleming BC Effects of ACL reconstruction surgery on muscle activity of the lower limb during a jump-cut maneuver in males and females. J Orthop Res. 2013 Dec;31(12):1890-6. doi: 10.1002/jor.22470. Epub 2013 Aug 21.
Miranda DL, Rainbow MJ, Crisco JJ, Fleming BC Kinematic differences between optical motion capture and biplanar videoradiography during a jump-cut maneuver. J Biomech. 2013 Feb 1;46(3):567-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.023. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.