Nausea and Vomiting, Postoperative — Impact of Intrathecal vs Intravenous Dexmedetomidine
Citation(s)
Bi YH, Wu JM, Zhang YZ, Zhang RQ Effect of Different Doses of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant Combined With Hyperbaric Ropivacaine in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Mar 20;11:342. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00342. eCollection 2020.
Gouveia F, Oliveira C, Losa N Acupuncture in the Management of Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016 Dec;9(6):325-329. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2016.09.005. Epub 2016 Sep 17.
Harris PH General versus spinal anaesthesia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 Apr 27;290(6477):1286. doi: 10.1136/bmj.290.6477.1286-a. No abstract available.
Miao S, Shi M, Zou L, Wang G Effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on preventing shivering in cesarean section after spinal anesthesia: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018 Nov 2;12:3775-3783. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S178665. eCollection 2018.
Rasooli S, Moslemi F, Khaki A Effect of Sub hypnotic Doses of Propofol and Midazolam for Nausea and Vomiting During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section. Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Sep 16;4(4):e19384. doi: 10.5812/aapm.19384. eCollection 2014 Oct.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
