Proton Pump Inhibitor Adverse Reaction — Is Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use a Cause of Leaky Gut Syndrome
Citation(s)
El Asmar R, Panigrahi P, Bamford P, Berti I, Not T, Coppa GV, Catassi C, Fasano A Host-dependent zonulin secretion causes the impairment of the small intestine barrier function after bacterial exposure. Gastroenterology. 2002 Nov;123(5):1607-15. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.36578. Erratum In: Gastroenterology 2003 Jan;124(1):275. El Asmar Rahzi [corrected to El Asmar Ramzi].
Fasano A, Shea-Donohue T Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Sep;2(9):416-22. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0259.
Haastrup PF, Thompson W, Sondergaard J, Jarbol DE Side Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018 Aug;123(2):114-121. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13023. Epub 2018 May 24.
Is Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use a Cause of Leaky Gut Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
