Dhungana S, Sharrack B, Woodroofe N Cytokines and chemokines in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Headache. 2009 Feb;49(2):282-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.001329.x.
Eide PK, Eidsvaag VA, Nagelhus EA, Hansson HA Cortical astrogliosis and increased perivascular aquaporin-4 in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Brain Res. 2016 Aug 1;1644:161-75. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.024. Epub 2016 May 14.
Fahmy EM, Rashed LA, Mostafa RH, Ismail RS Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021 Nov;144(5):509-516. doi: 10.1111/ane.13482. Epub 2021 Jun 15.
Toscano S, Lo Fermo S, Reggio E, Chisari CG, Patti F, Zappia M An update on idiopathic intracranial hypertension in adults: a look at pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and management. J Neurol. 2021 Sep;268(9):3249-3268. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09943-9. Epub 2020 May 27.
Zanello SB, Tadigotla V, Hurley J, Skog J, Stevens B, Calvillo E, Bershad E Inflammatory gene expression signatures in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: possible implications in microgravity-induced ICP elevation. NPJ Microgravity. 2018 Jan 11;4:1. doi: 10.1038/s41526-017-0036-6. eCollection 2018.
Biomarkers in the Etiology of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
