Hooper VD SAMBA Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: An Executive Summary for Perianesthesia Nurses. J Perianesth Nurs. 2015 Oct;30(5):377-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2015.08.009. No abstract available.
Hymel N, Davies M Evidence-Based Antiemetic Decision Tool for Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients at High Risk of QT Prolongation and Patients Receiving Neurotransmitter-Modulating Medications. AANA J. 2020 Aug;88(4):312-318.
Scharfenberg DR, Salcido A, Malone P, Clark J, Steele MA Managing Postoperative Nausea With an Application of Ice Pack to the Posterior Upper Neck. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Dec;37(6):774-777. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2021.12.010. Epub 2022 May 28.
Son JS, Oh JY, Ko S Effects of hypercapnia on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Surg Endosc. 2017 Nov;31(11):4576-4582. doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5519-8. Epub 2017 Apr 7.
The Effect of Cold Application on Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
