Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary — Percutaneous Intramedullary K-wires Fixation of Pediatric Shaft Both Bone Forearm Fractures
Citation(s)
Cruz AI Jr, DeFroda SF, Gil JA, Hansen H, Bolous A, Procaccini M, Zonfrillo MR Patient and Parent Satisfaction With Sling Use After Pediatric Upper Extremity Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Customized Cast-Sling Versus Standard Cast and Sling. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019 Feb;39(2):e120-e124. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001091.
Sinikumpu JJ, Lautamo A, Pokka T, Serlo W The increasing incidence of paediatric diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures and their internal fixation during the last decade. Injury. 2012 Mar;43(3):362-6. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.11.006. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
Yong B, Yuan Z, Li J, Li Y, Southern EP, Canavese F, Xu H Single Bone Fixation versus Both Bone Fixation for Pediatric Unstable Forearm Fractures: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Indian J Orthop. 2018 Sep-Oct;52(5):529-535. doi: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_125_17.
Percutaneous Intramedullary K-wires Fixation of Pediatric Shaft Both Bone Forearm Fractures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.