Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder — Efficacy of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for ADHD
Citation(s)
Loo SK, Salgari GC, Ellis A, Cowen J, Dillon A, McGough JJ Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Cognitive and Electroencephalographic Predictors of Treatment Response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Jul;60(7):856-864.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.021. Epub 2020 Oct 15.
McGough JJ, Loo SK, Cook IA Reply to "Transcutaneous electric currents to target the peripheral and central nervous system in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Clin Neurophysiol. 2019 Oct;130(10):2008-2009. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.012. Epub 2019 Jul 23. No abstract available.
McGough JJ, Loo SK, Sturm A, Cowen J, Leuchter AF, Cook IA An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulation in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Stimul. 2015 Mar-Apr;8(2):299-304. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.013. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
