Urinary Tract Infection During Pregnancy — Developing Self-care Behaviors for Urinary Tract Infections
Citation(s)
Amiri FN, Rooshan MH, Ahmady MH, Soliamani MJ Hygiene practices and sexual activity associated with urinary tract infection in pregnant women. East Mediterr Health J. 2009 Jan-Feb;15(1):104-10.
Easter SR, Cantonwine DE, Zera CA, Lim KH, Parry SI, McElrath TF Urinary tract infection during pregnancy, angiogenic factor profiles, and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Mar;214(3):387.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.101. Epub 2015 Oct 9.
Emiru T, Beyene G, Tsegaye W, Melaku S Associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2013 Jul 25;6:292. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-292.
Ghouri F, Hollywood A, Ryan K A systematic review of non-antibiotic measures for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Apr 13;18(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
