Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder — HOPS Study: A Conceptual Replication
Citation(s)
Abikoff H, Gallagher R, Wells KC, Murray DW, Huang L, Lu F, Petkova E Remediating organizational functioning in children with ADHD: immediate and long-term effects from a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013 Feb;81(1):113-28. doi: 10.1037/a0029648. Epub 2012 Aug 13.
Langberg JM, Arnold LE, Flowers AM, Altaye M, Epstein JN, Molina BS Assessing Homework Problems in Children with ADHD: Validation of a Parent-Report Measure and Evaluation of Homework Performance Patterns. School Ment Health. 2010 Mar 1;2(1):3-12. doi: 10.1007/s12310-009-9021-x.
Langberg JM, Becker SP, Epstein JN, Vaughn AJ, Girio-Herrera E Predictors of Response and Mechanisms of Change in an Organizational Skills Intervention for Students with ADHD. J Child Fam Stud. 2013 Oct 1;22(6):10.1007/s10826-012-9662-5. doi: 10.1007/s10826-012-9662-5.
Langberg JM, Dvorsky MR, Molitor SJ, Bourchtein E, Eddy LD, Smith ZR, Oddo LE, Eadeh HM Overcoming the research-to-practice gap: A randomized trial with two brief homework and organization interventions for students with ADHD as implemented by school mental health providers. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018 Jan;86(1):39-55. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000265. Epub 2017 Nov 27.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
