Krueger K, Schmutz A, Zieger B, Kalbhenn J Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation With Prophylactic Subcutaneous Anticoagulation Only: An Observational Study in More Than 60 Patients. Artif Organs. 2017 Feb;41(2):186-192. doi: 10.1111/aor.12737. Epub 2016 Jun 3.
Lehle K, Philipp A, Gleich O, Holzamer A, Müller T, Bein T, Schmid C Efficiency in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-cellular deposits on polymethylpentene membranes increase resistance to blood flow and reduce gas exchange capacity. ASAIO J. 2008 Nov-Dec;54(6):612-7. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0b013e318186a807.
Sidebotham D, Allen SJ, McGeorge A, Ibbott N, Willcox T Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults: practical aspects of circuits, cannulae, and procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012 Oct;26(5):893-909. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.02.001. Epub 2012 Apr 13. Review.
Wen PH, Chan WH, Chen YC, Chen YL, Chan CP, Lin PY Non-heparinized ECMO serves a rescue method in a multitrauma patient combining pulmonary contusion and nonoperative internal bleeding: a case report and literature review. World J Emerg Surg. 2015 Mar 12;10:15. doi: 10.1186/s13017-015-0006-9. eCollection 2015.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
