Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction — MD2, Cystatin C and DNA Methylation Tags as Serum Biomarkers for POCD.
Citation(s)
Bi Y, Liu S, Yu X, Wu M, Wang Y Adaptive and regulatory mechanisms in aged rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Mar 1;9(5):534-9. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.130084. Erratum in: Neural Regen Res. 2014;9(8):871. Wang, Mingshan [corrected to Wu, Mingshan].
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Li YC, Xi CH, An YF, Dong WH, Zhou M Perioperative inflammatory response and protein S-100ß concentrations - relationship with post-operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 May;56(5):595-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02616.x. Epub 2012 Jan 9.
Linstedt U, Meyer O, Kropp P, Berkau A, Tapp E, Zenz M Serum concentration of S-100 protein in assessment of cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia in different types of surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002 Apr;46(4):384-9.
Serum Biomarkers for Prediction and Diagnosis of POCD in Elderly Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
