NCT03134391 - Clinical Trial References

Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.

Citation(s)

Bujedo BM, Santos SG, Azpiazu AU
A review of epidural and intrathecal opioids used in the management of postoperative pain. J Opioid Manag. 2012 May-Jun;8(3):177-92. doi: 10.5055/jom.2012.0114. Review.
Bujedo BM
Current evidence for spinal opioid selection in postoperative pain. Korean J Pain. 2014 Jul;27(3):200-9. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2014.27.3.200. Epub 2014 Jun 30. Review.
Kim SH, Jeon DH, Chang CH, Lee SJ, Shin YS
Spinal anesthesia with isobaric tetracaine in patients with previous lumbar spinal surgery. Yonsei Med J. 2009 Apr 30;50(2):252-6. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.2.252.

Comparison Between Vapocoolant Spray and Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics in Reducing Pain From Spinal Injection

Clinical trial NCT03134391 - References