Pain Control During Intravitreal Injections — Handheld Vibrator Versus Topical Eye Drops as Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injections
Citation(s)
Aminabadi NA, Farahani RM, Balayi Gajan E The efficacy of distraction and counterstimulation in the reduction of pain reaction to intraoral injection by pediatric patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008 Sep 1;9(6):33-40.
Bagherian A, Sheikhfathollahi M Children's behavioral pain reactions during local anesthetic injection using cotton-roll vibration method compared with routine topical anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2016 May-Jun;13(3):272-7.
Cintra LP, Lucena LR, Da Silva JA, Costa RA, Scott IU, Jorge R Comparative study of analgesic effectiveness using three different anesthetic techniques for intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2009 Jan-Feb;40(1):13-8.
Friedman SM, Margo CE Topical gel vs subconjunctival lidocaine for intravitreous injection: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Nov;142(5):887-8.
Kaderli B, Avci R Comparison of topical and subconjunctival anesthesia in intravitreal injection administrations. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep-Oct;16(5):718-21.
Ornek N, Apan A, Ornek K, Günay F Anesthetic effectiveness of topical levobupivacaine 0.75% versus topical proparacaine 0.5% for intravitreal injections. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014 Apr;8(2):198-201. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.130713.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
