Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting — Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting
Citation(s)
Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999 Sep;91(3):693-700.
Blanc VF, Ruest P, Milot J, Jacob JL, Tang A Antiemetic prophylaxis with promethazine or droperidol in paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1991 Jan;38(1):54-60.
Chatterjee S, Rudra A, Sengupta S Current concepts in the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:748031. doi: 10.1155/2011/748031.
Jokinen J, Smith AF, Roewer N, Eberhart LH, Kranke P Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: how to deal with refractory PONV. Anesthesiol Clin. 2012 Sep;30(3):481-93. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2012.07.003. Review.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting After Implementation of Prophylaxis Guideline for High Risk Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
