Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures — Computer-Assisted Navigation for Intramedullary Nail Fixation of Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures
Citation(s)
Baumgaertner MR, Curtin SL, Lindskog DM, Keggi JM The value of the tip-apex distance in predicting failure of fixation of peritrochanteric fractures of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Jul;77(7):1058-64.
De Bruijn K, den Hartog D, Tuinebreijer W, Roukema G Reliability of predictors for screw cutout in intertrochanteric hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jul 18;94(14):1266-72. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00357.
Geller JA, Saifi C, Morrison TA, Macaulay W Tip-apex distance of intramedullary devices as a predictor of cut-out failure in the treatment of peritrochanteric elderly hip fractures. Int Orthop. 2010 Jun;34(5):719-22. doi: 10.1007/s00264-009-0837-7. Epub 2009 Jul 18.
Lobo-Escolar A, Joven E, Iglesias D, Herrera A Predictive factors for cutting-out in femoral intramedullary nailing. Injury. 2010 Dec;41(12):1312-6. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.08.009. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
Computer-Assisted Navigation for Intramedullary Nail Fixation of Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
