Sperm Parameters of Spinal Cord Injured Men — Fertility of Spinal Cord Injured Men
Citation(s)
Brackett NL, Ibrahim E, Grotas JA, Aballa TC, Lynne CM Higher sperm DNA damage in semen from men with spinal cord injuries compared with controls. J Androl. 2008 Jan-Feb;29(1):93-9; discussion 100-1. Epub 2007 Sep 5.
Iremashvili V, Brackett NL, Ibrahim E, Aballa TC, Lynne CM Semen quality remains stable during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study. J Urol. 2010 Nov;184(5):2073-7. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.112. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
