Increased Muscle Tone in Elbow, Wrist, Finger, and Thumb Flexors. — ASIS for Botox in Upper Limb Spasticity
Citation(s)
Baker JA, Pereira G The efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A for spasticity and pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Clin Rehabil. 2013 Dec;27(12):1084-96. doi: 10.1177/0269215513491274. Epub 2013 Jul 17. Review.
Ghasemi M, Salari M, Khorvash F, Shaygannejad V A literature review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin: an injection in post-stroke spasticity. Int J Prev Med. 2013 May;4(Suppl 2):S147-58.
Jost WH, Hefter H, Reissig A, Kollewe K, Wissel J Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) for the treatment of post-stroke arm spasticity: results of the German-Austrian open-label post-marketing surveillance prospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Feb 15;337(1-2):86-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.022. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
Knopp MV, Balzer T, Esser M, Kashanian FK, Paul P, Niendorf HP Assessment of utilization and pharmacovigilance based on spontaneous adverse event reporting of gadopentetate dimeglumine as a magnetic resonance contrast agent after 45 million administrations and 15 years of clinical use. Invest Radiol. 2006 Jun;41(6):491-9. Erratum in: Invest Radiol. 2006 Sep;41(9):667.
Patrick E, Ada L The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it. Clin Rehabil. 2006 Feb;20(2):173-82.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
