Almeida M, Cordero M, Almeida J, Orfao A Abnormal cytokine production by circulating monocytes and dendritic cells of myeloid origin in ART-treated HIV-1+ patients relates to CD4+ T-cell recovery and HCV co-infection. Curr HIV Res. 2007 May;5(3):325-36.
Almeida M, Cordero M, Almeida J, Orfao A Different subsets of peripheral blood dendritic cells show distinct phenotypic and functional abnormalities in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2005 Feb 18;19(3):261-71.
Almeida M, Cordero M, Almeida J, Orfao A Persistent abnormalities in peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes from HIV-1-positive patients after 1 year of antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Apr 1;41(4):405-15.
Buisson S, Benlahrech A, Gazzard B, Gotch F, Kelleher P, Patterson S Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from HIV type 1-infected individuals show reduced ability to stimulate T cells and have altered production of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;199(12):1862-71. doi: 10.1086/599122.
Butera ST, Roberts BD, Folks TM Regulation of HIV-1 expression by cytokine networks in a CD4+ model of chronic infection. J Immunol. 1993 Jan 15;150(2):625-34.
Checkley Luttge, M , et al. Natural Killer Cells Can Target and Eliminate Latently HIV-1-Infected Primary T cells following Proviral Reactivation. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) (2013).
Elliot, J , et al. The Safety and Effect of Multiple Doses of Vorinostat on HIV Transcription in HIV+ Patients Receiving cART. in Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) (2013).
Fan Z, Huang XL, Kalinski P, Young S, Rinaldo CR Jr Dendritic cell function during chronic hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Sep;14(9):1127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 18.
Marcus PI, Sekellick MJ Combined sequential treatment with interferon and dsRNA abrogates virus resistance to interferon action. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001 Jun;21(6):423-9.
McNamara LA, Ganesh JA, Collins KL Latent HIV-1 infection occurs in multiple subsets of hematopoietic progenitor cells and is reversed by NF-?B activation. J Virol. 2012 Sep;86(17):9337-50. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00895-12. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
Nabel G, Baltimore D An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature. 1987 Apr 16-22;326(6114):711-3. Erratum in: Nature 1990 Mar 8;344(6262):178.
Saleh S, Solomon A, Wightman F, Xhilaga M, Cameron PU, Lewin SR CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 increase permissiveness of resting memory CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection: a novel model of HIV-1 latency. Blood. 2007 Dec 15;110(13):4161-4. Epub 2007 Sep 19.
Tan DB, Yong YK, Lim A, Tan HY, Kamarulzaman A, French M, Price P Robust interferon-a and IL-12 responses by dendritic cells are related to efficient CD4+ T-cell recovery in HIV patients on ART. Clin Immunol. 2011 May;139(2):115-21. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.015. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
Tiemessen CT, Kilroe B, Martin DJ Interleukin-8 fails to induce human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells but differentially modulates induction by proinflammatory cytokines. Immunology. 2000 Sep;101(1):140-6.
Winckelmann, A , et al. Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonist Treatment Decreases the Proviral Reservoir in Peripheral Blood and Could Impact HIV-specific Immunity in Patients on cART. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) (2013).
Xing S, Siliciano RF Targeting HIV latency: pharmacologic strategies toward eradication. Drug Discov Today. 2013 Jun;18(11-12):541-51. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.12.008. Epub 2012 Dec 25. Review.
Yonkers NL, Rodriguez B, Asaad R, Lederman MM, Anthony DD Systemic immune activation in HIV infection is associated with decreased MDC responsiveness to TLR ligand and inability to activate naive CD4 T-cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e23884. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023884. Epub 2011 Sep 1.
Zhang Z, Yuan B, Lu N, Facchinetti V, Liu YJ DHX9 pairs with IPS-1 to sense double-stranded RNA in myeloid dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2011 Nov 1;187(9):4501-8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101307. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.