Kramer MS, Fombonne E, Matush L, Bogdanovich N, Dahhou M, Platt RW Long-term behavioural consequences of infant feeding: the limits of observational studies. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2011 Nov;25(6):500-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01211.x. Epub 2011 Jun 26.
Kramer MS, Kakuma R The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;554:63-77. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_7.
Kramer MS, Matush L, Bogdanovich N, Dahhou M, Platt RW, Mazer B The low prevalence of allergic disease in Eastern Europe: are risk factors consistent with the hygiene hypothesis? Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 May;39(5):708-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03205.x. Epub 2009 Mar 3.
Kramer MS, Moodie EE, Dahhou M, Platt RW Breastfeeding and infant size: evidence of reverse causality. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 May 1;173(9):978-83. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq495. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
Kramer MS, Moodie EE, Platt RW Infant feeding and growth: can we answer the causal question? Epidemiology. 2012 Nov;23(6):790-4. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826cc0e9. No abstract available.
Kramer MS "Breast is best": The evidence. Early Hum Dev. 2010 Nov;86(11):729-32. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Sep 16.
Kramer MS Allergy after breast feeding. Testing hypotheses: reply. BMJ. 2007 Nov 24;335(7629):1061-2. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39395.414144.80. No abstract available.
Kramer MS Breastfeeding and allergy: the evidence. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59 Suppl 1:20-6. doi: 10.1159/000334148. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
Kramer MS Breastfeeding, complementary (solid) foods, and long-term risk of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar;91(3):500-1. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29199. Epub 2010 Jan 27. No abstract available.
Kramer MS Long-term behavioral consequences of infant feeding: the limits of observational studies. J Pediatr. 2010 Apr;156(4):523-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.002. Epub 2010 Feb 10. No abstract available.
Kramer MS Methodological challenges in studying long-term effects of breast-feeding. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;639:121-33. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8749-3_10. No abstract available.
Patel R, Lawlor DA, Kramer MS, Davey Smith G, Bogdanovich N, Matush L, Martin RM Socioeconomic inequalities in height, leg length and trunk length among children aged 6.5 years and their parents from the Republic of Belarus: evidence from the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT). Ann Hum Biol. 2011 Sep;38(5):592-602. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2011.577752. Epub 2011 May 19.
Yang S, Fombonne E, Kramer MS Duration of gestation, size at birth and later childhood behaviour. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2011 Jul;25(4):377-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01193.x. Epub 2011 Apr 26.
Yang S, Kramer MS Paternal alcohol consumption, family transition and child development in a former Soviet country. Int J Epidemiol. 2012 Aug;41(4):1086-96. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys071. Epub 2012 May 13.
Yang S, Platt RW, Kramer MS Variation in child cognitive ability by week of gestation among healthy term births. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Feb 15;171(4):399-406. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp413. Epub 2010 Jan 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.