Knox EM, Kilby MD, Martin WL, Khan KS In-utero pulmonary drainage in the management of primary hydrothorax and congenital cystic lung lesion: a systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;28(5):726-34. Review.
Miller JA, Corteville JE, Langer JC Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in the fetus: natural history and predictors of outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Jun;31(6):805-8.
Neilson JP Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan;109(1):189-90.
Roberts D, Dalziel S Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD004454. Review.
Schumacher A, Sidor J, Bühling KJ [Continuous glucose monitoring using the glucose sensor CGMS in metabolically normal pregnant women during betamethasone therapy for fetal respiratory distress syndrome]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2006 Oct;210(5):184-90. German.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
