Obesity, Weight Loss, Alcohol Drinking — Alcohol in the Treatment of Obesity
Citation(s)
Ajani, U A., Hennekens, C. H., Spelsberg, A., & Manson, J. E. (2000). Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Arch Intern Med, 160(7), 1025-1030. Dallongeville, J., Marecaux, N., Ducimetiere, P., Ferrieres, J., Arveiler, D., Bingham, A., et al. (1998). Influence of alcohol consumption and various beverages on waist girth and waist-to-hip ratio in a sample of French men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 22(12), 1178-1183. Flechtner-Mors, M., Biesalski, H. K., Jenkinson, C. P., Adler, G., & Ditschuneit, H. H. (2004). Effects of moderate consumption of white wine on weight loss in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28(11), 1420-1426. Melanson, K. & Dwyer, J. (2002). Popular diets for treatment of overweight and obesity. In T. A. S. Wadden, A. J. (Ed.), Handbook of obesity treatment (2 ed., pp. 249-282). New York: The Guilford Press. Rimm, E. B., Chan, J., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (1995). Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. Bmj, 310(6979), 555-559. Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Arky, R. A., Hennekens, C. H., et al. (1988). A prospective study of moderate alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol, 128(3), 549-558. Wannamethee, S. G., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003). Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among younger women. Arch Intern Med, 163(11), 1329-1336. Wannamethee, S. G., Field, A. E., Colditz, G. A., & Rimm, E. B. (2004). Alcohol intake and 8-year weight gain in women: a prospective study. Obes Res, 12(9), 1386-1396.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
