Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive — Comparison of Alveolar Macrophages in Healthy Individuals Versus Individuals With COPD
Citation(s)
Curtis JL, Freeman CM, Hogg JC The immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from recent research. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007 Oct 1;4(7):512-21. Review.
Punturieri A, Copper P, Polak T, Christensen PJ, Curtis JL Conserved nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-derived TLR2-binding lipopeptides synergize with IFN-beta to increase cytokine production by resident murine and human alveolar macrophages. J Immunol
Innate and Adaptive Immunity in COPD Exacerbations: Bronchoscopies on Healthy Volunteers
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
