Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res. 1993 Sep;8(9):1137-48. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650080915.
Ibrahim A, Singh DKA, Shahar S 'Timed Up and Go' test: Age, gender and cognitive impairment stratified normative values of older adults. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 3;12(10):e0185641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185641. eCollection 2017.
Li L, Ren J, Liu J, Wang H, Wang X, Liu Z, Sun T Results of Vertebral Augmentation Treatment for Patients of Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Meta-Analysis of Eight Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 17;10(9):e0138126
Venmans A, Lohle PN, van Rooij WJ Pain course in conservatively treated patients with back pain and a VCF on the spine radiograph (VERTOS III). Skeletal Radiol. 2014 Jan;43(1):13-8. doi: 10.1007/s00256-013-1729-x. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
Optimization of Follow-up of Patients With Symptomatic Recent Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
