Blick SK, Dhillon S, Keam SJ Teriparatide: a review of its use in osteoporosis. Drugs. 2008;68(18):2709-37. doi: 10.2165/0003495-200868180-00012. Review.
Cardinale M, Lim J Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Aug;17(3):621-4.
Cardinale M, Pope MH The effects of whole body vibration on humans: dangerous or advantageous? Acta Physiol Hung. 2003;90(3):195-206. Review.
Cardinale M, Rittweger J Vibration exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger: fact or fiction? J Br Menopause Soc. 2006 Mar;12(1):12-8. Review.
Cardinale M, Wakeling J Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you? Br J Sports Med. 2005 Sep;39(9):585-9; discussion 589. Review.
Chow JW, Fox S, Jagger CJ, Chambers TJ Role for parathyroid hormone in mechanical responsiveness of rat bone. Am J Physiol. 1998 Jan;274(1):E146-54. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.1.E146.
Corrie H, Brooke-Wavell K, Mansfield NJ, Cowley A, Morris R, Masud T Effects of vertical and side-alternating vibration training on fall risk factors and bone turnover in older people at risk of falls. Age Ageing. 2015 Jan;44(1):115-22. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu136. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
Eisman JA Good, good, good... good vibrations: the best option for better bones? Lancet. 2001 Dec 8;358(9297):1924-5. Review.
Erskine J, Smillie I, Leiper J, Ball D, Cardinale M Neuromuscular and hormonal responses to a single session of whole body vibration exercise in healthy young men. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007 Jul;27(4):242-8.
Fritton JC, Rubin CT, Qin YX, McLeod KJ Whole-body vibration in the skeleton: development of a resonance-based testing device. Ann Biomed Eng. 1997 Sep-Oct;25(5):831-9.
Gusi N, Raimundo A, Leal A Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 30;7:92.
Hazell TJ, Kenno KA, Jakobi JM Evaluation of muscle activity for loaded and unloaded dynamic squats during vertical whole-body vibration. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jul;24(7):1860-5. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddf6c8.
Judex S, Lei X, Han D, Rubin C Low-magnitude mechanical signals that stimulate bone formation in the ovariectomized rat are dependent on the applied frequency but not on the strain magnitude. J Biomech. 2007;40(6):1333-9. Epub 2006 Jun 30.
Pollock RD, Woledge RC, Mills KR, Martin FC, Newham DJ Muscle activity and acceleration during whole body vibration: effect of frequency and amplitude. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Oct;25(8):840-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.05.004. Epub 2010 Jun 11.
Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone. 2010 Feb;46(2):294-305. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.005. Epub 2009 Oct 17. Review.
Roberts MD, Santner TJ, Hart RT Local bone formation due to combined mechanical loading and intermittent hPTH-(1-34) treatment and its correlation to mechanical signal distributions. J Biomech. 2009 Nov 13;42(15):2431-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.08.030. Epub 2009 Sep 26.
Rubin C, Pope M, Fritton JC, Magnusson M, Hansson T, McLeod K Transmissibility of 15-hertz to 35-hertz vibrations to the human hip and lumbar spine: determining the physiologic feasibility of delivering low-level anabolic mechanical stimuli to skeletal regions at greatest risk of fracture because of osteoporosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Dec 1;28(23):2621-7.
Rubin C, Xu G, Judex S The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low-magnitude mechanical stimuli. FASEB J. 2001 Oct;15(12):2225-9.
Wysocki A, Butler M, Shamliyan T, Kane RL Whole-body vibration therapy for osteoporosis: state of the science. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Nov 15;155(10):680-6, W206-13. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00006. Review.
Xie L, Rubin C, Judex S Enhancement of the adolescent murine musculoskeletal system using low-level mechanical vibrations. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Apr;104(4):1056-62. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00764.2007. Epub 2008 Feb 7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.