Choe EY, Song JE, Park KH, Seok H, Lee EJ, Lim SK, Rhee Y Effect of teriparatide on pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis with multiple vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Metab. 2012 Sep;30(5):596-601. doi: 10.1007/s00774-011-0334-0. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
Jebeile, H et al A systematic review and meta-analysis of energy intake and weight gain in pregnancy. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy, part I: Nutritional Status and Weight Gain. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 2000. Am J Obstet Gynecol 12(2015).
Jones RK, Jerman J Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2011. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2014 Mar;46(1):3-14. doi: 10.1363/46e0414. Epub 2014 Feb 3.
McAllion SJ, Paterson CR Musculo-skeletal problems associated with pregnancy in women with osteogenesis imperfecta. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Mar;22(2):169-72.
Mercer BM Preterm premature rupture of the membranes: current approaches to evaluation and management. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2005 Sep;32(3):411-28. Review.
Moyer VA; U S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):414-20. doi: 10.7326/M13-2905.
National Vital Statistics Reports Expanded Data From the New Birth Certificate. Center for Disease Control. Volume 59, Number 7 (2011).
Ory SJ The national epidemic of multiple pregnancy and the contribution of assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril. 2013 Oct;100(4):929-30. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.06.004. Epub 2013 Jul 19.
Osterman MJ, Martin JA Epidural and spinal anesthesia use during labor: 27-state reporting area, 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011 Apr 6;59(5):1-13, 16.
Pabinger C, Heu C, Frohner A, Dimai HP Pregnancy- and lactation-associated transient osteoporosis of both hips in a 32 year old patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Bone. 2012 Jul;51(1):142-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.04.013. Epub 2012 May 3.
Pennick V, Liddle SD Interventions for preventing and treating pelvic and back pain in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 1;(8):CD001139. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub3. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001139.
Roberts, JM , August, PA., Bakris G. et al. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy, author. Hypertension in pregnancy / developed by the Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. 1122-31 (2013).
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
