Hunziker EB Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Jun;10(6):432-63. doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0801.
Kohn MD, Sassoon AA, Fernando ND Classifications in Brief: Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of Osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Aug;474(8):1886-93. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4. Epub 2016 Feb 12. No abstract available.
Lv ZT, Liang S, Huang XJ, Cheng P, Zhu WT, Chen AM Association between ADAM12 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5398181. doi: 10.1155/2017/5398181. Epub 2017 Aug 8.
Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Abramson SB Osteoarthritis, an inflammatory disease: potential implication for the selection of new therapeutic targets. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Jun;44(6):1237-47. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:63.0.CO;2-F. No abstract available.
Wang S, Wang H, Liu W, Wei B Identification of Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Sex Differences in Osteoarthritis Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Dec 6;2019:3482751. doi: 10.1155/2019/3482751. eCollection 2019.
Identification of miRNAs Associated With Gender Difference in Osteoarthritis Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
