Oral Microbiome — The Probiotic for Oral Health (PRO Health) Study
Citation(s)
Authority, E F.S., Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA-Opinion of the Scientific Committee. EFSA Journal, 2007. 5(12): p. 587.
Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G, Tagg JR A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J Appl Microbiol. 2006 Apr;100(4):754-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02837.x.
Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR The rationale and potential for the reduction of oral malodour using Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Oral Dis. 2005;11 Suppl 1:29-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01084.x.
Di Pierro F, Adami T, Rapacioli G, Giardini N, Streitberger C Clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013 Mar;13(3):339-43. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758711. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
Di Pierro F, Colombo M, Zanvit A, Rottoli AS Positive clinical outcomes derived from using Streptococcus salivarius K12 to prevent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children: a pilot investigation. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2016 Nov 21;8:77-81. doi: 10.2147/DHPS.S117214. eCollection 2016.
Di Pierro F, Donato G, Fomia F, Adami T, Careddu D, Cassandro C, Albera R Preliminary pediatric clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in preventing recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and recurrent acute otitis media. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:991-7. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S38859. Epub 2012 Nov 30.
Horz HP, Meinelt A, Houben B, Conrads G Distribution and persistence of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the human oral cavity as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2007 Apr;22(2):126-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00334.x.
Mogensen, G , et al., Inventory of microoganisms with a documented history of use in food. 2002.
Ross KF, Ronson CW, Tagg JR Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Jul;59(7):2014-21. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.7.2014-2021.1993.
Upton M, Tagg JR, Wescombe P, Jenkinson HF Intra- and interspecies signaling between Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes mediated by SalA and SalA1 lantibiotic peptides. J Bacteriol. 2001 Jul;183(13):3931-8. doi: 10.1128/JB.183.13.3931-3938.2001.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
