Forrest JL, Miller SA Manual versus powered toothbrushes: a summary of the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Systematic Review. Part II. J Dent Hyg. 2004 Spring;78(2):349-54.
Hagman-Gustafsson ML, Holmén A, Strömberg E, Gabre P, Wårdh I Who cares for the oral health of dependent elderly and disabled persons living at home? A qualitative study of case managers' knowledge, attitudes and initiatives. Swed Dent J. 2008;32(2):95-104.
Haumschild MS, Haumschild RJ The importance of oral health in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009 Nov;10(9):667-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.01.002. Epub 2009 Jun 28. Review.
Henriksen BM, Ambjørnsen E, Axéll TE Evaluation of a mucosal-plaque index (MPS) designed to assess oral care in groups of elderly. Spec Care Dentist. 1999 Jul-Aug;19(4):154-7.
Marsh PD Contemporary perspective on plaque control. Br Dent J. 2012 Jun 22;212(12):601-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.524. Review.
Meurman JH, Hämäläinen P Oral health and morbidity--implications of oral infections on the elderly. Gerodontology. 2006 Mar;23(1):3-16. Review.
Philip P, Rogers C, Kruger E, Tennant M Caries experience of institutionalized elderly and its association with dementia and functional status. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012 May;10(2):122-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00525.x. Epub 2011 Aug 5.
Samson H, Strand GV, Haugejorden O Change in oral health status among the institutionalized Norwegian elderly over a period of 16 years. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008;66(6):368-73. doi: 10.1080/00016350802378654.
Strömberg E, Hagman-Gustafsson ML, Holmén A, Wårdh I, Gabre P Oral status, oral hygiene habits and caries risk factors in home-dwelling elderly dependent on moderate or substantial supportive care for daily living. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012 Jun;40(3):221-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00653.x. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
Willumsen T, Fjaera B, Eide H Oral health-related quality of life in patients receiving home-care nursing: associations with aspects of dental status and xerostomia. Gerodontology. 2010 Dec;27(4):251-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2009.00344.x.
Wolden H, Strand GV, Gjellestad A Caregivers' perceptions of electric versus manual toothbrushes for the institutionalised elderly. Gerodontology. 2006 Jun;23(2):106-10.
Zuluaga DJ, Ferreira J, Montoya JA, Willumsen T Oral health in institutionalised elderly people in Oslo, Norway and its relationship with dependence and cognitive impairment. Gerodontology. 2012 Jun;29(2):e420-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00490.x. Epub 2011 May 12.
Effect of Electric Toothbrush on Oral Hygiene in Nursing Home Residents- a Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
