Opioid Use — SMART Trial: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Stigma Reduction
Citation(s)
Palamar JJ, Kiang MV, Halkitis PN Development and psychometric evaluation of scales that assess stigma associated with illicit drug users. Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46(12):1457-67. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2011.596606. Epub 2011 Jul 18.
Palamar JJ An examination of beliefs and opinions about drug use in relation to personal stigmatization towards drug users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2013 Nov-Dec;45(5):367-73. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2013.843044.
Smith LR, Earnshaw VA, Copenhaver MM, Cunningham CO Substance use stigma: Reliability and validity of a theory-based scale for substance-using populations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 May 1;162:34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.019. Epub 2016 Feb 26.
SMART Trial: Reducing Stigma Towards Opioid Use Disorder on the Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Levels
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
