Opioid Use — Opioid Free Versus Opioid Balanced Anesthesia
Citation(s)
Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999 Sep;91(3):693-700.
Bailey CR Management of outpatient ear, nose and throat surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2001 Dec;14(6):617-21.
Bakan M, Umutoglu T, Topuz U, Uysal H, Bayram M, Kadioglu H, Salihoglu Z Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusions for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2015 May-Jun;65(3):191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.05.001. Epub 2014 Jun 3.
Bovill JG, Sebel PS, Stanley TH Opioid analgesics in anesthesia: with special reference to their use in cardiovascular anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1984 Dec;61(6):731-55. Review.
Deacock AR Aspects of anaesthesia for middle ear surgery an blood loss during stapedectomy. Proc R Soc Med. 1971 Dec;64(12):1226-8.
Dhillon RS, East CA Ear, nose, throat, and head and neck surgery: an illustrated colored text. 2nd ed. New York, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone;1999
Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H Anti-emetic efficacy of prophylactic granisetron compared with perphenazine for the prevention of post-operative vomiting in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1999 May;16(5):304-7. Retraction in: Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013 May;30(5):263.
Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with a combination of granisetron and dexamethasone in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Nov;81(5):754-6. Retraction in: Br J Anaesth. 2013 Apr;110(4):669.
Gan TJ, Glass PSA Balanced anesthesia. In: White PF (ed). Textbook of Intravenous Anesthesia. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997. p. 347-74.
Golembiewski J, Chernin E, Chopra T Prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Jun 15;62(12):1247-60; quiz 1261-2. Review.
Gombar S, Kaur J, Kumar Gombar K, Dass A, Singh A Superior anti-emetic efficacy of granisetron-dexamethasone combination in children undergoing middle ear surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 May;51(5):621-4.
Honkavaara P, Saarnivaara L, Klemola UM Prevention of nausea and vomiting with transdermal hyoscine in adults after middle ear surgery during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Dec;73(6):763-6.
Macario A, Weinger M, Truong P, Lee M Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are both common and important to avoid? The perspective of a panel of expert anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1085-91.
Miller RD Miller's anesthesia, 6th ed. Vol 2. New York: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
Moore KL, Dalley AF Clinically orientated anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
Quemby DJ Day surgery development and practice: key factors for a successful pathway. CEACCP 2014;14: 256-61.
Shakir AAK, Ramachandra V, Hasan MA Day surgery postoperative nausea and vomiting at home related to preoperative fentanyl. J One-day Surg 1997;6:10-1.
Smith I, Thwaites AJ Target-controlled propofol vs. sevoflurane: a double-blind, randomised comparison in day-case anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1999 Aug;54(8):745-52.
Smith I Inhalational anesthetic agents. In: Hemmings HC, Hopkins PM (eds). Foundations of Anesthesia. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier; 2005. p. 311-21.
Vandermeulen EP Controlling the stress response. In: White PF (ed). Textbook of Intravenous Anesthesia. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997. p. 565-79.
Ziemann-Gimmel P, Goldfarb AA, Koppman J, Marema RT Opioid-free total intravenous anaesthesia reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery beyond triple prophylaxis. Br J Anaesth. 2014 May;112(5):906-11. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet551. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Opioid Free Versus Opioid Balanced Anesthesia in Middle Ear Surgery.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
