Aasvang EK, Luna IE, Kehlet H Challenges in postdischarge function and recovery: the case of fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Dec;115(6):861-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev257. Epub 2015 Jul 25. Review.
Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Aoyama K, Brull R Will the Real Benefits of Single-Shot Interscalene Block Please Stand Up? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2015 May;120(5):1114-29. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000688. Review.
Banerjee P, Rogers BA Systematic review of high-volume multimodal wound infiltration in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2014 Jun;37(6):403-12. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20140528-07. Review.
Chan EY, Fransen M, Parker DA, Assam PN, Chua N Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May 13;(5):CD009941. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009941.pub2. Review.
Dunn LK, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC Non-opioid analgesics: Novel approaches to perioperative analgesia for major spine surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2016 Mar;30(1):79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 24. Review.
Fletcher D, Martinez V Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in patients after surgery: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Jun;112(6):991-1004. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu137. Review.
Halawi MJ, Grant SA, Bolognesi MP Multimodal Analgesia for Total Joint Arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015 Jul 1;38(7):e616-25. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20150701-61. Review.
Kazerooni R, Tran MH Evaluation of Celecoxib Addition to Pain Protocol After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Stratified by Opioid Tolerance. Clin J Pain. 2015 Oct;31(10):903-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000178.
Khan JS, Margarido C, Devereaux PJ, Clarke H, McLellan A, Choi S Preoperative celecoxib in noncardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016 Mar;33(3):204-14. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000346. Review.
Koh W, Nguyen KP, Jahr JS Intravenous non-opioid analgesia for peri- and postoperative pain management: a scientific review of intravenous acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015 Feb;68(1):3-12. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2015.68.1.3. Epub 2015 Jan 28. Review.
Lee HJ, Yeomans DC Opioid induced hyperalgesia in anesthetic settings. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014 Nov;67(5):299-304. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2014.67.5.299. Epub 2014 Nov 26. Review.
Macintyre PE, Huxtable CA, Flint SL, Dobbin MD Costs and consequences: a review of discharge opioid prescribing for ongoing management of acute pain. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2014 Sep;42(5):558-74. Review.
Marques EM, Jones HE, Elvers KT, Pyke M, Blom AW, Beswick AD Local anaesthetic infiltration for peri-operative pain control in total hip and knee replacement: systematic review and meta-analyses of short- and long-term effectiveness. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Jul 5;15:220. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-220. Review.
McCartney CJ, Nelligan K Postoperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty in elderly patients: treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2014 Feb;31(2):83-91. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0148-y. Review.
Michener LA, Snyder AR, Leggin BG Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with shoulder pain and the effect of surgical status. J Sport Rehabil. 2011 Feb;20(1):115-28.
Mishriky BM, Waldron NH, Habib AS Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jan;114(1):10-31. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu293. Epub 2014 Sep 10. Review.
Nir RR, Nahman-Averbuch H, Moont R, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D Preoperative preemptive drug administration for acute postoperative pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain. 2016 Aug;20(7):1025-43. doi: 10.1002/ejp.842. Epub 2016 Mar 15. Review.
Rouhani A, Tabrizi A, Elmi A, Abedini N, Mirza Tolouei F Effects of preoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pain mitigation and patients' shoulder performance following rotator cuff repair. Adv Pharm Bull. 2014 Dec;4(4):363-7. doi: 10.5681/apb.2014.053. Epub 2014 Aug 10.
Seib RK, Paul JE Preoperative gabapentin for postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006 May;53(5):461-9.
Skolnik A, Gan TJ New formulations of bupivacaine for the treatment of postoperative pain: liposomal bupivacaine and SABER-Bupivacaine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 Aug;15(11):1535-42. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.930436. Epub 2014 Jul 3. Review.
Ullah H, Samad K, Khan FA Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block versus parenteral analgesia for postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 4;(2):CD007080. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007080.pub2. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
