Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Sep 7;(9):CD005031. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005031.pub4.
Bassuk EL, Hanson J, Greene RN, Richard M, Laudet A Peer-Delivered Recovery Support Services for Addictions in the United States: A Systematic Review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016 Apr;63:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.01.003. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2004. Report No.: (SMA) 04-3939. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64245/
Department of Health and Human Services Medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder (42 CFR Part 8, RIN 0930-AA22). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Dugosh K, Abraham A, Seymour B, McLoyd K, Chalk M, Festinger D A Systematic Review on the Use of Psychosocial Interventions in Conjunction With Medications for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. J Addict Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;10(2):93-103. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000193.
Haddad MS, Zelenev A, Altice FL Integrating buprenorphine maintenance therapy into federally qualified health centers: real-world substance abuse treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Jul 1;131(1-2):127-35. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.008. Epub 2013 Jan 17.
Kampman K, Jarvis M American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use. J Addict Med. 2015 Sep-Oct;9(5):358-67. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000166.
Ling W, Hillhouse M, Ang A, Jenkins J, Fahey J Comparison of behavioral treatment conditions in buprenorphine maintenance. Addiction. 2013 Oct;108(10):1788-98. doi: 10.1111/add.12266. Epub 2013 Jul 12.
Litz M, Leslie D The impact of mental health comorbidities on adherence to buprenorphine: A claims based analysis. Am J Addict. 2017 Dec;26(8):859-863. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12644. Epub 2017 Nov 16.
McHugh RK, Hearon BA, Otto MW Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010 Sep;33(3):511-25. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012.
Schwartz RP When Added to Opioid Agonist Treatment, Psychosocial Interventions do not Further Reduce the Use of Illicit Opioids: A Comment on Dugosh et al. J Addict Med. 2016 Jul-Aug;10(4):283-5. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000236.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
