Opioid Dependence — Combined Behavioral and Pharmacologic Treatment of Polydrug Abuse
Citation(s)
Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Preston KL Contingency management reduces injection-related HIV risk behaviors in heroin and cocaine using outpatients. Addict Behav. 2008 Apr;33(4):593-604.
Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Preston KL Nonreporting of cannabis use: Predictors and relationship to treatment outcome in methadone maintained patients. Addict Behav. 2007 May;32(5):938-49.
Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Preston KL Psychosocial functioning and cocaine use during treatment: strength of relationship depends on type of urine-testing method. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Dec 1;91(2-3):169-77.
Heinz A, Epstein DH, Preston KL Spiritual/Religious experiences and in-treatment outcome in an inner-city program for heroin and cocaine dependence. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2007 Mar;39(1):41-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
