Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ Tracheal width and left double-lumen tube size: a formula to estimate left-bronchial width. J Clin Anesth. 2005 Jun;17(4):267-70.
Fortier G, Coté D, Bergeron C, Bussières JS New landmarks improve the positioning of the left Broncho-Cath double-lumen tube-comparison with the classic technique. Can J Anaesth. 2001 Sep;48(8):790-4.
McKenna MJ, Wilson RS, Botelho RJ Right upper lobe obstruction with right-sided double-lumen endobronchial tubes: a comparison of two tube types. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1988 Dec;2(6):734-40.
Slinger P The clinical use of right-sided double-lumen tubes. Can J Anaesth. 2010 Apr;57(4):293-300. doi: 10.1007/s12630-009-9262-z. English, French.
IPg2 Study - Left-sided Lung Isolation: Comparison of Twodevices
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
