Elias RM, Bradley TD, Kasai T, Motwani SS, Chan CT Rostral overnight fluid shift in end-stage renal disease: relationship with obstructive sleep apnea. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Apr;27(4):1569-73. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr605. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
Friedman O, Bradley TD, Chan CT, Parkes R, Logan AG Relationship between overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea in drug-resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2010 Dec;56(6):1077-82. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.154427. Epub 2010 Nov 8.
Jafari B, Mohsenin V Overnight rostral fluid shift in obstructive sleep apnea: does it affect the severity of sleep-disordered breathing? Chest. 2011 Oct;140(4):991-997. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-0044. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
Redolfi S, Arnulf I, Pottier M, Bradley TD, Similowski T Effects of venous compression of the legs on overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Mar 15;175(3):390-3. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.001. Epub 2011 Jan 8.
Ulrich S, Fischler M, Speich R, Bloch KE Sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6):1375-1380. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-3035. Epub 2008 Mar 13.
Effect of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment on Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
