Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder — Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Citation(s)
Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Mar;5(1):73-103.
Maeda F, Pascual-Leone A Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying motor neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Aug;168(4):359-76. Epub 2003 Jun 26. Review.
Mantovani A, Simpson HB, Fallon BA, Rossi S, Lisanby SH Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Mar;13(2):217-27. doi: 10.1017/S1461145709990435. Epub 2009 Aug 20.
Mantovani A, Westin G, Hirsch J, Lisanby SH Functional magnetic resonance imaging guided transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr 1;67(7):e39-40. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.009. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
