Madamanchi C, Alhosaini H, Sumida A, Runge MS Obesity and natriuretic peptides, BNP and NT-proBNP: mechanisms and diagnostic implications for heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2014 Oct 20;176(3):611-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.007. Epub 2014 Aug 9.
Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Pislaru SV, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Distinct Obese Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2017 Jul 4;136(1):6-19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807. Epub 2017 Apr 5.
Popescu BA, Beladan CC, Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA How to assess left ventricular filling pressures by echocardiography in clinical practice. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022 Aug 22;23(9):1127-1129. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac123. No abstract available.
Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018 Aug 28;138(9):861-870. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646.
Vaishnav J, Chasler JE, Lee YJ, Ndumele CE, Hu JR, Schulman SP, Russell SD, Sharma K Highest Obesity Category Associated With Largest Decrease in N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Aug 4;9(15):e015738. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015738. Epub 2020 Jul 30.
Biomarkers in Patients With Suspected Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.