Obesity — Bariatric Surgery and Chronic Renal Disease
Citation(s)
Al-Bahri S, Fakhry TK, Gonzalvo JP, Murr MM Bariatric Surgery as a Bridge to Renal Transplantation in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Obes Surg. 2017 Nov;27(11):2951-2955. doi: 10.1007/s11695-017-2722-6.
Bolignano D, Zoccali C Effects of weight loss on renal function in obese CKD patients: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Nov;28 Suppl 4:iv82-98. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft302. Epub 2013 Oct 2. Review.
Cockwell P, Fisher LA The global burden of chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):662-664. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32977-0. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
Docherty NG, le Roux CW Bariatric surgery for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Dec;16(12):709-720. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0323-4. Epub 2020 Aug 10. Review.
Eknoyan G Obesity and chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2011;31(4):397-403. doi: 10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2011.May.10963. Epub 2011 May 30. Review.
GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):709-733. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
